Spider and the Relative

All spider are carnivorous and they belong to the Arachnida class which differ from other insects most noticeably by having zero to eight eyes (some are eyeless), four pairs of jointed legs and specialized mouthparts known as mandibles or chelicerae which bear either pincers or fangs, and are use to inject poison into their prey.

 

Other characteristic of spiders is their ability to produce silk. They are the only members of the Arachnida (which also includes scorpions, harvestmen, mites, ticks and some small groups found only in the tropics) that produce silk. This is manufactured in liquid from six short tubes, the spinnerets, at the rear end of the abdomen.

 

Use of Silk

All spiders produce silk, but only some construct webs to catch prey. The web itself I sa masterpiece of weaving; different species construct different styles of webs, each of which is carefully positioned and crated to catch flying insects. The vibrations set up by a struggling insect alerts the spider and the prey is either then killed and eaten or wrapped in silk to immobilize it for later consumption.

 

Spider's Role in Ecosystems

Spiders are our allies in the battle against insect pests. They are all active hunters and prey on a wide range of invertebrates, many of which cause considerable agricultural losses as well as human suffering. Once a spider has overcome its prey, it kills it by injecting a poisonous substance and the sucks up the juices from the body. A spider abdomen is soft and can easily expand to cope with a large meal; female spiders, in particular are capable of absorbing enormous quantities of food within a short time. This quality makes them important regulators of insects, and they are therefore being increasingly employed in human effort to control insect pests.

Endanger Species

Endanger Species are those whose population have been so reduced that they are threatened with extinction. Thousand of species are included in category. The International Union for the conservation of Nature and Nature Resources (head quartered in Morges, Switzerland) publishes a list of threatened mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. This list is growing at an alarming rate, as is the number of endangered species of fish, invertebrates, and plants. Example animals that include in the endangered are Javanese Rhinoceros, Whale, Trumpeter Swan of North America, Komodo Dragon of Komodo Island-Indonesia, California Condor, Gorilla of African.

 

Causes of Extinction

During the millions of years that preceded the appearance of human life, extinction of organisms was linked to large scale geologic and climatic changes, the effects of which were translated into major alteration of the environment. Environmental change is still the primary cause of the extinction of animals, but now the changes are greatly accelerated by human activity. Clearing land for farms and towns, lumbering, mining, building dams, and draining wetlands all alter the environment so extensively that ecosystem may be completely destroyed. With a burgeoning human population requiring food, shelter, and clothing and constantly demanding more energy-using devices, the temptation to exploit land for human use without regard for consequences is great.

 

Frequently, several forms of environmental change are responsible for the disappearance of species. For example, as tropical forest are cut down, primates have progressively smaller feeding and living spaces. They also become more accessible to hunters, who kill monkeys for food and trap zoo specimens. Some animal species may move into human communities when their own are destroyed. Extermination of marauding monkeys, roaming tigers, or foraging deer is easy to justify by people whose livelihood is threatened.

 

Many species of birds lay thin-shelled or shell-less eggs as a result of ingesting degradation products of DDT and other chemicals that enter the food chain. Species of salamanders in New England are dying out because their habitats are watered by Acid Rain. Industrial wastes dumped in the Mediterranean have so depleted the oxygen supply that some species and the nutrient cycles disturbed.

 

Many species have been exterminated or endangered because people have killed the animals for food, fur, hides, or feathers. As a result of whaling, some whale species are close to extinction. Claim and fish are endangered by varying combination of naturally changing environments, population, and over harvesting.

 

Predictive Measures

Many endangered species received a measure of relief in 1973, when the 80 nations that originally participated in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora agreed to half imports of endangered species. The International Whaling Commission forbids the hunting of blue, bowhead, humpback, gray, and right whales; it set a moratorium on all commercial whaling, effective in 1986, but Japan, Iceland, and Norway continued to hunt and kill certain species.

Freshwater Crabs

Some species of freshwater crabs are terrestrial and can be found near the sea, on high mountains and in large rivers, small streams and peat swamps. Some species such as Parathelphusa convexa and P. maculate are common in lowland streams and rice fields. The crab fauna of many parts of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Irian Jaya remain unexplored and the total number of species is likely to be much higher than the 70-odd currently known.

Freshwater crabs have very large eggs which hatch directly into miniature version of the adult, young crabs are brooded by the female for a short time before being released. Many species of freshwater crabs are eaten in some areas, but care should be excercised as many species are intermediate hosts of the very dangerous lung fluke.

The World’s Biggest Land ArthropodRobber crabs are large animals with some individuals having a claw span of almost one meter and a weight of four kilograms. The name are robber crabs because they are often attracted to shiny objects and have been known to steal pots, pans and trinkets from tents and outhouses. Their powerful claws can rip open cracked coconuts to get at the fleshy interior, hence their other common name – Coconut Crab. They are also voracious scavengers. Despite such adaptations and their ability to live in a wide range of habitats, from beach front to forest, robber crabs are now seriously threatened with extinction. This crabs found in Lingga, near Sumatra is seen carrying its yolk-laden larvae on its back.

World of Crabs

Land and Freshwater Crabs
Crabs are normally thought of as marine or aquatic animals, in the tropics, however, several families have adapted to living on land and in freshwater, challenging a niche dominated by more successful arthropods such as insect and spider.

Forest and Rice fields
This crab live in forest and some of them are adaptable and able to live around villages and cultivated areas in unpolluted drains and ricefield. Two of the most common in Java are Parathelphusaconvesa and Geosesama noduliferum.

Land Hermit and Robber Crabs
Land hermit crabs (Coenobita) and robber crab (Birgus latro) are the only genera in the family Coenobidae. Although they look very different, they are closely related. Land hermit crab carry a shell throughout their lives, whereas robber crabs only do so when they are young.

Land hermit crabs usually found closer to the sea than robber crabs. During the day, adults hide under vegetation in holes and crevices above the beach. At night they emerge to forage for food. They are primarily scavengers with a preference for vegetable matter and will occasionally climb trees and shrubs to look for fruit and seedlings.

Land Crabs
True land crabs (Gecarcinidae) are represented in Indonesia by two genera. Gecarcoidae and Cardisoma. The only Gecarcoidae species, the purple land crab (G. lalandii), it is about 10 cm in width and inhabits forest and hilly areas. It is common on small islands where it does not face competition from large mammals. One unusual aspect of this species behavior is the way both sexes march en masse to the sea to breed each year. When the larvae have completed their development at sea, they return to the beach and march inland to find food and safe resting places.

Crown Crabs
This crab are very small (often 0.5 to 1.0 centimeters in body width and feed on detrifus and small animals, usually in estuarine habitats. Some species have made their way into fresh water ecosystem. In Indonesia just two freshwater species are known, which is probably an underestimate of the actual number. One of these, the blind crown crab (Cancrocaeca xenomorpha) is one of the most unusual members of its genus, it lives within cave in Sulawesi, is totally blind and lacks pigmentation.

Light-foot CrabsLand and freshwater light-foot crabs (Grapsidae) are large-eyed crabs that are distinguished by their square shaped carapace. They are mainly herbivorous and are very agile on the ground, as well as on low trees. Unlike land crabs, Geosesarma species do not return to the sea to breed.

Indonesian Animals History

Indonesian Geology
The Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most complex geological region of the world. It achieved its present shape 10 to 15 million year ago in the mid-Miocene epoch of the tertiary era, as the culmination of the long process of continental fragmentation and drift. The present day situation is far from settled as the underlying strata of the earth are still in a state of continuous flux. Occasionally these feature are brought to our attention in the form of volcanic eruption and earthquake- regular features in many parts of the Archipelago.

A changing World – Division and Collision
About 180 million years ago the world was made up of huge continent called Laurasia, comprising North America, Europe and Asia (as far east as Sulawesi), and the southern one called Gondwanaland, which included South America, Africa, India, Australia, New Guinea and Antarctica.

Arcs of islands formed at the edges of Laurasia and Gondwana, separated from the parent continents by basins created by the spreading sea floor. The convoluted chains of islands in central and eastern Indonesia today include the visible remains of this arcs. With time, these have been distorted by further collisions and modified by additional spreading of the sea floor and by the sliding of some fragments below others – a process called seductions – in the course of which lines of volcanoes have developed.

As a result, Laurasia now extent into Indonesia as the Sunda continental shelf on which lie Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo, while the Gondwana section is represented by the Sahul shelf on which New Guinea and adjacent islands rest. Between these relatively shallow shelves, the islands of central Indonesia are separated by much deeper seas.

The Rise and Fall of Sea Levels
The present day sea level is within a few meters of the highest level ever reached during the entire Pleistocene period – two million years ago. On several occasions, such as at the peak of numerous glacial periods, the sea was as much as 180 meters below its present level. At one stages, a great river flowed in what is now the South China Sea between Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo; its drowned valley can still be detected. When the sea level was low, the Sunda and Sahul continental shelves were exposed as dry land and they played a central role in the movement of plants and animals between the different islands.

Wildlife of Indonesia
The fauna and flora of archipelago, its diversity as well as distribution of certain species, reflect some of the geological changes that have taken place in this region. The fauna of Irian Jaya, for example, demonstrated strong Australian affinities, with a large number of marsupials represented island of the western region, In contrast are largely populated by species with distinct Asian characteristic; many species found to day on Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan are similar to those of mainland Southeast Asia, revealing the fact that land masses were all formerly joined.

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Panda's Life

He has a thick cheek. Its sleep shortens but often. Eat to use the hand and sleep with his mother. This is panda child which born the weighing only some just ounce but after 6 month his weight become 20 kgs. Not every zoo can have panda, the problems are on import the panda from china that must have a guarantee of being the continuity of life for the panda.

For zoo host looking after giant panda, expense finished by mean of American 2,6 million dollar one year. If the panda bear children who is usually twin, hence total cost to look after the panda therewith its child will reach 4 million dollar one year.

In American Zoo, animal which is a lot of getting this publication get best of everything; modern habitat and innovative with the service monitor the video from all pawing and veterinary which is the full of devotion. Fresh supply Bamboo which is abundance, added with the carrot, roots, and also biscuit full of vitamin and mineral eaten special. Expense for the attention of which is extra this finish thousands of dollar one year.

In the year 1988 Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) release the policy which dare to: If zoos wish the panda, they have to become the Chinese partner in conservation of giant panda. Chinese need that aid. their Conservation agent need the pandemic elementary science information of panda, hormone, skilled of social, and requirement for the space of personal facility.

Until about year 1998 then mortality for the baby of enlarged by hand of human being in room; dead almost 100 %. While when panda bearing children by his mother which this twin mean, usually he only take care one of the twin and let the other. For panda child which born by human care, nurse by people will try to save the panda child which newborn castaway, but almost always fail. Panda child obtain formula of dog milk, until come the expert from San of Ego Zoo by formula for substitution, its look like with the high fatty milk as what a panda child get which their mother milk.

Giant panda which live free nature really rareness, black bear population and white bear free nature only about 1590. They live in hill petrifying stone in Province Sichuan, Shaanxi And Gansu. Panda Age in free nature reach 15 years.

Indonesian Popular Animals

Indonesia have a special animals that is seldom found in the world. That animals find on some island on Indonesian achipelago. Anoa is only find in Sulawesi island, Komodo is found in Nusatenggara, Cendrawasih is only found in Irian Jaya and Badak-Java only found in West Java. They are a very special animals that you hard to find in other country.