Phalanger

Phalangers, family Phalangeridae, are a diverse group of arboreal Marsupial – mammals including the Cuscus and Koala whose name refers to the grasping ability of some of the finger and toe bones (phalangers), which enables the animals to climb tree. The phalangers are the most widely distributed of all marsupials, ranging from Australia and New Guinea to the Solomon Islands and parts of Indonesia. They have been introduced into New Zealand. Seventeen genera and about 42 species are known. Phalangers vary from 10 to 122 cm (4 to 48 in) in total length. Their mode of locomotion also varies greatly, from that of the slow moving koala to that of the gliding opossum. The fur is usually dense and woolly and is valuable in commerce. The tall is commonly long, though vestigial in the koala, and sometimes prehensile. Some genera have membranes fro gliding through the air. Most phalangers live in tree; a few inhabit plain areas.


The vulpine phalanger, or brush-tailed possum, is a small marsupial native to Australia. Highly adaptable, it lives in tress, caves, city parks and on the roots of houses.

Genus Phalanger
• Gebe Cuscus, Phalanger alexandrae
• Mountain Cuscus, Phalanger carmelitae
• Ground Cuscus, Phalanger gymnotis
• Eastern Common Cuscus, Phalanger intercastellanus
• Woodlark Cuscus, Phalanger lullulae
• Blue-eyed Cuscus, Phalanger matabiru
• Telefomin Cuscus, Phalanger matanim
• Southern Common Cuscus, Phalanger mimicus
• Northern Common Cuscus, Phalanger orientalis
• Ornate Cuscus, Phalanger ornatus
• Rothschild's Cuscus, Phalanger rothsschildi
• Silky Cuscus, Phalanger sericeus
• Stein's Cuscus, Phalanger vestitus

Mastodon

The mastodon, an elephantikle mammal belonging to the order Proboscidea, was widespread from Miocene through the Pleistocene epochs (26 million to 10 thousand years ago). Mastodons were in the mainline of proboscidean evolution, first appearing in the early Oligocene (38 million to 26 million years ago). Their teeth, consisting of a series of paired conical cusps, seen in profile resemble a woman’s breasts; hence the name mastodon was derived from the Greek for breasts tooth.

Gomphotherium (also called Trilophodon) lived during the late Miocene and the early Pliocene (12 million to 3, 5 million years ago). It resemble Phiomia, but the teeth were more beastlike and the trunk was more fully developed. Shovel-tusked mastodons such as amebelodon developed broad, scoop-shaped lower tusks that were useful for digging vegetation. Mastodon americanus, common in North America during the Pleistocene Epoch and perhaps up to a few thousand years ago, was not as tall as tall as modern elephants. Its strongly curved upper tusks were very large, and its body was covered with long, reddish brown hair.


The Mastodon, a browsing mammal somewhat smaller than a present day elephant became extinct only in the last 10,000 years.

Otter

Otters are long bodied, semi aquatic members of the weasel family, Mustelidae. This group includes the sea otter, genus Enhydra, the river otters, Lutra; the giant otter, Pteronura, of South America; the African clawless otter, Aonyx; and the small clawed otters of Asia, Amblonyx and Africa, Paronyx, both of which are often classified with the clawless otter.

The river otters, Lutra, comprise 11 or 12 species found on all the continents except Australia and Antartica and include the North America otter, L. Canadensis, and European otter, L. lutra. They have broad snouths, small ears, short legs with fully webbed, and a thick but tapering tail. Their underfur is short and dense, brownish or grayish in color, and is overlain with darker, coarser guard hairs. Male river otters reach about 1 m (3 ft) in length, plus a 50 cm (19 in) tail; they weigh up to about 14 kg (30 lb). Females are smaller.

River Otters feed and small land mammals. Northern populations of river otters mate in summer, and the young are not born until 91/2 to 121/2 months later. This prolonged gestation is due to the delayed implantation, or attachment, of the newly developing embryo to the wall of the uterus.

Gazelle

Gazelles, genus Gazella, are slender, graceful antelopes belonging to the family Bovidae, order Artiodactyla. There are about 12 species and 50 recognize forms. The largest gazelle is the dama, or red necked, gazelle, G. damaruficollis, of northern Africa, which stands slightly less than 1 m (3 ft) tail at the shoulder. Other species are 51 to 85 cm (20 to 34 in) tall. Gazelle have long, thin legs with two-toed hooves. Both sexes have beautiful, black ringed, 25 to 38 cm long (10 to 15 in) horns, except for Persian, or goitered, gazelle, only the bucks of which have horns.

Bazelles have brown or fawn colored coats, usually with black and white markings around the face and neck, white undersides and rump, and often a horizontal band of dark color along the flanks. The ears are long and narrow. The tail is short. The large, luminous black eyes are a striking feature. Many gazelles are fast runners, and Grant’s gazelle has been clocked at 80 km/h (50 mph).

Gazelles inhabit open plains from Mongolia and India to Egypt and Morocco and into tropical eastern and central Africa. Several species have become threatened because of overhunting. Gazelle graze in herds numbering from four or five to several hundred. Central and eastern African gazelles often mingle with herds of other herbivores. Like other antelopes, gazelles are ruminants, or cud-chewers.

Leopard

The leopard, Panthera pardus, is one of the largest members of the cat family, Felidae. A large male may weigh more than 91 kg (200 lb), may stand 70 cm (28 in) high at the shoulder, and may be 1.5 m (nearly 5 ft) long, plus a 90-cm (35 in) tail. Leopards occupy a great diversity of habitats, including dry grass-lands, scrubland, mountains, and jungles. They have the greatest geographic distribution of any wild cat, being found over most of Africa south of the Sahara and from the Middle East and India north into central Asia and south into the East Indies. The leopard’s color varies from a pale yellowish gray to a yellowish red, with whitish underparts. Spots are present over the entire body, but on the back and sides they are formed into circles, or rosettes. Black leopards, or panthers, occur in the same litter with yellowish leopards.

Leopards are chiefly nocturnal and solitary, but a male and female commonly hunt as a pair during and for a time after the mating season. Usually two to four young are born after a gestation period of 90 to 105 days. Intensive hunting of leopards for their skins has eliminated or seriously reduced a number of subspecies and geographical races.

The snow leopard, or ounce, Uncia uncia, is similar in size and general appearance to the leopard. Its coat, however, has a dense, wooly underfur and a long, thick outer coat. It is generally light yellowish gray to cream colored, with black to grayish rosettes on the upper parts of the body. Snow leopards are found in the highlands of central Asia from the Altai Mountains into the Himalayas. They inhibit rocky grasslands above the tree line. Breeding occurs in late winter, and usually two to four young are born after gestation period of about 98 days. The snow leopard has become quite scarce mainly because of overhunting for its beautiful fur.

The clouded leopard, Neofelis nebulosa, weighs up to 23 kg (50 lb) and may be 80 cm (32 in) high at the shoulder and 1 m (40 in) long, plus a 90 cm (35 in) tail. It is grayish or yellowish to brownish yellow in color, with black spots and dashes on the head, legs, and tail, and large, black-bordered, “cloudlike” bloches on its sides. Clouded leopards inhabit forest from India to Taiwan south into Borneo. Gestation is about 90 days, with apparently two young to a litter. The clouded leopard continues to be hunted, despite its rarity.

Musk Ox

The musk-ox, Ovibus moschatus, in the family Bovidae, live on open tundra to well vegetated terrain in northern Canada and Greenland and has been introduced into Alaska. It is short legged but massively built, reaching 1.5 m (5 ft) high at the shoulder and more than 400 kg (900 lb) in weight. The large head bears broad, down curving horns. Musk oxen are protected from the cold by an ankle length dark brown outer coat covering a light brown, soft, dense undercoat. The coat’s musky odor gives the musk-ox its name. Musk oxen live in herds of 20 to 100. When under attack they form a circle, horn outward, with the young on the inside.

The muskox is a stocky, long-haired animal with a slight shoulder hump and a very short tail. Both sexes have horns, but the horns of bulls are larger and heavier than those of cows. The horns of bulls develop large bases which nearly span the entire forehead. The pelage consists of a long, coarse, outer layer and a short, fine underhair. Coloration of the Greenland muskox, the race found in Alaska, is generally dark brown with creamy-colored hair on the “saddle,” forehead, and legs. Muskoxen have cloven hooves, all four of which are the same size.

The male musk ox weight more than the female and has longer horns. The extremely long outer coat and short, dense inner coat provide the musk ox with excellent insulation against the cold temperatures of the far north.

Moutain Goat and Moutain Sheep

Mountain Goat

The mountain goat, Oreamnos Americanus, in the family Bovidae, is not a true goat (Capra) but rather a member of a group (tribe Rupricaprini) known as goat antelopes. Mountain goats stand about 1 m (39 in) high at the shoulder and weigh up to 140 kg (300 lb). The goat is white sometimes tinged with yellow, with a thick, woolly underfur. The hair above the shoulder and on the neck is long and stiff. Both sexes have beards and permanent, black, unbranched horns that seldom exceed 23 cm (9 in) long. The hooves are hard and sharp and surround soft pads, enabling the animals to obtain footing on ice and rocks. Mountain goats are found from southwestern Alaska along the Rocky Mountain into the northern United States. Mating occurs in November, and or two born in the spring.

Mountain Sheep

Mountain sheep are members of the genus Ovis in the family Bovidae and are characterized by narrow muzzle, pointed ears, and massive curling horns in the older males (rams). Unlike true goats, Capra, they lack beards and have dished, or concave, foreheads. The largest of the mountain sheep, the argaili, reaches 1.2 m (4 ft) in height at the shoulder and 160 kg (350 lb) in weight. Coat colors range from white to gray or dark brawn. The coat is generally short and coarse, with only the mouflon species developing a woolly undercoat in winter. Some forms have a mane of hair down the front of the neck. Mountain sheep generally inhabit dry upland areas, from craggy mountains into semideserts. During the summer moths the adult males live in groups apart from the females and their young. In late fall and early winter the males battle for possession of females, which they gather into harems of up to 12 awes. Gestation lasts 5 to 6 months, and form one to three lambs are born in the spring.

Mountain sheep are usually classified into six species; the bighorn, O. Canadensis, of the western United States and southwestern Canada; the Dall sheep, O. dalli, of Alaska and northwestern Canada; the argali, or Marco Polo sheep, O. ammon, of central Asia; the red sheep, O. laristanica, of southern Iran; and the mouflon, O. musimon, of Sardinia and Corsica.

Java Rhinoceros Recognize Infra-Red Light

This tell about WWF activity in conservation forest Ujung Kulon west Java. All environmental organizational activist, World Wildlife Fund ( WWF) agape a moment to see the record of a Java rhinoceros nuzzling camera video trap which they install. How do not because there is no lamp around and camera record rhinoceros activity uses the infra-red light.

Onthis record taken at Maret-April 2008, seen two heads rhinoceros in National Park of Ujung Kulon, West Java, seen a mother and a child, moment recorded both seeing kept quiet for a second. Later; then, rhinoceros mother closed to the camera and in a short time nuzzle it.

Camera then dies and record, Lucky, camera protected by waterproof thick bale of plastic material do not broken and chafed only. Moment all activities find it few days then, the camera lie above the land.

"Probably because the distance is too close so that rhinoceros can see the infra-red light," say the Adhi Rachmat Hariyadi, Site Manager WWF for Indonesia at TN Ujung Kulon, moment announce the result of first video trap record about Java rhinoceros life. But, until date still unpredictable why the rhinoceros mother seems knows that being recorded. Others dissimilar rhinoceros are also recorded the same distance but do not see annoyed with the camera. Adhi tell the rhinoceros which is being suckle its child possible more sensitive so that can recognize the infra-red light wave.

To ascertain the mentioned require further research. Java Rhinoceros is inclusive animal which still not a lot of researched yet. The animal mousy and solitary so that even difficult be met directly.

Bison

Bisons comprise two species of the genus Bison. One, commonly but incorrectly known as the buffalo, is the American bison. The other, the European species, is the wisent.

The bull of the American bisen, Bison, may weight more than 900 kg (about 2,000 lb) and stand more than 1.9 m (6 ft) high. The massive head and forequarters are covered with long hair, and the body slims down toward the hindquarter, which are covered with shorter hair. The female of the species is somewhat smaller. Both sexes have horns, but those of the male are more massive.

The bison was a principal resource of the Plains Indians, providing food, skims for shelter and boats, bones for tools and utensils, and "buffalo chips" (dung) for fuel. Few wild animals have undergone a more devastating encounter with humans. The grasslands from the Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains were home to 30 million bison when white settlers first arrived. These numbers were reduced to about 500 near the end of the last century, and then slowly increased to an estimated 35,000 to 50,000 on refuges and ranches today.

The European bison, or wisent, B. bonasus, may weigh up to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) and stand more than 2 m (6 ft) high. It lack the shaggy coat of the American bison and has longer legs and a smaller head with longer horns. The wisent inhabits woodlands and feeds on grasses, ferns, leaves, and tree bark. At one time it ranged from western Europe to Siberia, but the destruction of forests led to its decline. On the verge of extinction in the early 1900s, the wisent is no longer endangered; captive breeding has been successfully used to increase the dwindling population.
The massive American bison is aggressive and easily angered. Before combat, a bull competes with other bulls in roaring.

Camel

The camel is a cud-chewing mammal of the family Camelidae, order Artiodactyla. It is distinguished from other camelids-the Alpaca, Guanaco, Llama, and Vicuna-by the one or two fal-filled humps on its back. The family arose in North America and, about 10 million years ago, began spreading to other continents. It became extinct in North America itself about 2 million year ago.

Two species of camel now exist; the one-humped dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, and the two-humped Bactrian, C. bactrianus. The dromedary was domesticated more than 5,000 years ago in the Middle East, serving as a means of transport and as a source of milk, meat, wool, hides, and dried manure for fuel. The more docile Bactrian of Central Asia was domesticated about 2,500 years ago.

Adult male dromedaries stand about 2 m (7 ft) at the shoulder and weigh up to 680 kg (1,500 lb). Bactrians are shorter because of shorter legs. The gray to brown coat is short and fine in drodaries, longer in Bactrians. Both species are well adapted to desert life and temperature extremes. Their two-toed feet have spreading, padded toes for walking on sand. When camels move quickly, both legs on the same side of the body advance together, producing a rolling gait.

Camels can obtain enough water from desert vegetation to survive for many months without another water supply. The animals can tolerate water losses equal to 25 percent of their body weight, and they excrete concentrated urine. Other internal modifications enable them to maintain a steady water level in the blood and to drink animals. By having fat localized in a hump, the body is able to lose heat more rapidly. When these fat reserves are called upon, the hump shrinks and tends to sag.

The dromediary, or one-humped camel can be trained to carry heavy loads on long journeys. Adapted to life in the desert, the camel has horny pads on the knees, thigh joints, and chest openings and nostrils for protection from sand and wind.

The Bactrian, or two-humped, camel has shorter legs than the dromedary and is nor able to move as swiftly at its fastest pace. A few wild bands still roam the Gobi.

Tapir

The tapir looks a pig but is related to the rhinoceros and the horse. Four species make up the genus Tapirus, family Tapiridae. Tapir are 1.8 to 2.4 m (6 to 8 ft) long, stand about 1 m (40 in) high at the shoulder, and may weigh more than 270 kg (600 lb). The tapering and sloping face ends in a small, movable trunk. The eyes is rounded, the legs, and the tail stumpy. Each forefoot has four toes and each hind foot three. The Brazilian tapir, T. terrestris, range from Colombia and Venezuela to Brazil; Baird's tapir T. bairdi, from southerm Mexico to Equador; and the wooly Andean, or mountain, tapir, T. roulini, from Venezuela to Peru. These three species are reddish brown to black above, lighter below. The Asiatic, or Malayan tapir, T. indicus, is black on the front half and legs and white on the back and sides. Tapirs move quickly in open or jungle habitat and are good swimmers. They feed on almost any plant and also raid farm crops.

Baboon and Cat

This is the story of Baboon called Helen that tries to give lesson to a small cat called Fluffy. A small cat called Fluffy patiently follows the Lesson given by a baboon. According to note accompanying this photo, what arrive at the National Geographic in the year 1956, but have never been published. Baboon mains try to make the Fluffy sit erectly like a bright monkey’s baby, but the catty always fallen down return above fourth of its foot/feet. This matter is unlikely existed. The baboon called Helen, representing show animal in Institute Reptile Rosa Allen, a zoo founded in 1929 in Silver Springs, The Strait of Florida. Helen possible represent the remains from a period when film Tarzan made in this area and Allen provide the special animal trained on how to playing a part of film produce the Hollywood made there.

Capuchin

Capuchin monkeys, genus cebus, of the family Cebidae, are so named because their crown hair resembles the cowl, or capuche, of Franciscan friars. Among the most intelligent of New World monkeys, capuchin are 38 to 60 cm (15 to 24 in) long, the weight 1.6 to 3.6 kg (3.5 to 8 lb). they are called ring-tailed because they often carry their slightly prehensile tails coiled at the tip. Capuchin live in the top of large trees, rarely descending to the ground. They eat fruits, leaves, insect, young birds, and eggs. Popular as pets, they are the monkeys that traditionally pass the hat for organ grinders. The brown capuchin, C. apella, has tufts of hair on the forehead. On the head is a dark brown cap with a border. This species is common in South American forests. The tufted group includes three species. The white-throated capuchin, C. capucinus, has a coat of black with white in the pale areas and is found in Central America, in western Colombia, and along the Pacific coast of Ecuador. The white-fronted capuchin, C. albifronts, is yellowish to brown in color and is found in northwestern South America. The weeper with some white and a smaller cap. It is found in northern South America.

Bat

The bat is winged mammal, with the ability to fly. Its ability to maintain sustained flight, unique among mammals, result from the modification of hand like forelimbs into wings. Bats belong to the order Chiroptera. There are two suborders: the Megachiroptera (megabats) and the Microchiroptera (microbats). Bats are nocturnal or active at twilight (crepuscular). They are mainly tropical in distribution.

Most megabats have a claw on the second finger and an unspecialized shoulder girdle. Their average weight is more than 100 g (3.5 oz). The largest megabats, Pteropus vampyrus, weighs up to 899 g (31.7 oz) and have wingspan of 170 cm (67 in). In contrast, microbats have no claw on the second finger. Their average weight is less than 30 g (1.058 oz) as adults. The smallest microbat, weight from 1.8 to 2.0 g (0.063 to 0.07 oz) and has a wingspat of about 16 cm (16.3).

Nearly two-thirds of the 850 species of bats feed mainly on insects. All insectivorous bats are microbats. Fruit eater and nectar and pollen feeders may be either megabats of the family Pteropodidae of the Old World tropics. In other families of microbats, such as the Vespertilionidae and the Noctilionidae, bats are fish eaters. In India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and South America, several species in two families of microbats, the Megadermatidae and the Phyllostomidae, are carnivorous, eating birds, small mammals and reptiles.

The three species of vampires (blood-feeding microbats) all are found in the New World tropics. Vampires are usually treated as part of the family Phyllostomatidae. Vampires feed on blood obtained from mammals or birds. They use their sharp, highly modified teeth to make a shallow wound, and they secrete an anticoagulant in their saliva to inhibit clotting of the blood. The vampire's bite is painful but not usually dangerous, though the saliva may transmit certain dieses.

Bats have low rates of reproduction. Most species produce one or two young in a litter; bats of temperate areas have one litter a year, and those in tropical regions may have two. Some tropical bats are polyestrous and annually produce more than two litter.

All the Microchiroptera that have been studied and several species of dog-faced bats use Echolocation to orient themselves. Bats are not blind, however, and their eyes and sense of smell are well developed. Vocalizations, visual signals, and smell play important roles in the social lives of bats, which are among gregarious of the Mammalia.

Indonesian Animals History

Indonesian Geology
The Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most complex geological region of the world. It achieved its present shape 10 to 15 million year ago in the mid-Miocene epoch of the tertiary era, as the culmination of the long process of continental fragmentation and drift. The present day situation is far from settled as the underlying strata of the earth are still in a state of continuous flux. Occasionally these feature are brought to our attention in the form of volcanic eruption and earthquake- regular features in many parts of the Archipelago.

A changing World – Division and Collision
About 180 million years ago the world was made up of huge continent called Laurasia, comprising North America, Europe and Asia (as far east as Sulawesi), and the southern one called Gondwanaland, which included South America, Africa, India, Australia, New Guinea and Antarctica.

Arcs of islands formed at the edges of Laurasia and Gondwana, separated from the parent continents by basins created by the spreading sea floor. The convoluted chains of islands in central and eastern Indonesia today include the visible remains of this arcs. With time, these have been distorted by further collisions and modified by additional spreading of the sea floor and by the sliding of some fragments below others – a process called seductions – in the course of which lines of volcanoes have developed.

As a result, Laurasia now extent into Indonesia as the Sunda continental shelf on which lie Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo, while the Gondwana section is represented by the Sahul shelf on which New Guinea and adjacent islands rest. Between these relatively shallow shelves, the islands of central Indonesia are separated by much deeper seas.

The Rise and Fall of Sea Levels
The present day sea level is within a few meters of the highest level ever reached during the entire Pleistocene period – two million years ago. On several occasions, such as at the peak of numerous glacial periods, the sea was as much as 180 meters below its present level. At one stages, a great river flowed in what is now the South China Sea between Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo; its drowned valley can still be detected. When the sea level was low, the Sunda and Sahul continental shelves were exposed as dry land and they played a central role in the movement of plants and animals between the different islands.

Wildlife of Indonesia
The fauna and flora of archipelago, its diversity as well as distribution of certain species, reflect some of the geological changes that have taken place in this region. The fauna of Irian Jaya, for example, demonstrated strong Australian affinities, with a large number of marsupials represented island of the western region, In contrast are largely populated by species with distinct Asian characteristic; many species found to day on Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan are similar to those of mainland Southeast Asia, revealing the fact that land masses were all formerly joined.

Panda's Life

He has a thick cheek. Its sleep shortens but often. Eat to use the hand and sleep with his mother. This is panda child which born the weighing only some just ounce but after 6 month his weight become 20 kgs. Not every zoo can have panda, the problems are on import the panda from china that must have a guarantee of being the continuity of life for the panda.

For zoo host looking after giant panda, expense finished by mean of American 2,6 million dollar one year. If the panda bear children who is usually twin, hence total cost to look after the panda therewith its child will reach 4 million dollar one year.

In American Zoo, animal which is a lot of getting this publication get best of everything; modern habitat and innovative with the service monitor the video from all pawing and veterinary which is the full of devotion. Fresh supply Bamboo which is abundance, added with the carrot, roots, and also biscuit full of vitamin and mineral eaten special. Expense for the attention of which is extra this finish thousands of dollar one year.

In the year 1988 Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) release the policy which dare to: If zoos wish the panda, they have to become the Chinese partner in conservation of giant panda. Chinese need that aid. their Conservation agent need the pandemic elementary science information of panda, hormone, skilled of social, and requirement for the space of personal facility.

Until about year 1998 then mortality for the baby of enlarged by hand of human being in room; dead almost 100 %. While when panda bearing children by his mother which this twin mean, usually he only take care one of the twin and let the other. For panda child which born by human care, nurse by people will try to save the panda child which newborn castaway, but almost always fail. Panda child obtain formula of dog milk, until come the expert from San of Ego Zoo by formula for substitution, its look like with the high fatty milk as what a panda child get which their mother milk.

Giant panda which live free nature really rareness, black bear population and white bear free nature only about 1590. They live in hill petrifying stone in Province Sichuan, Shaanxi And Gansu. Panda Age in free nature reach 15 years.

Indonesian Popular Animals

Indonesia have a special animals that is seldom found in the world. That animals find on some island on Indonesian achipelago. Anoa is only find in Sulawesi island, Komodo is found in Nusatenggara, Cendrawasih is only found in Irian Jaya and Badak-Java only found in West Java. They are a very special animals that you hard to find in other country.